The Chancellor has announced £90m a year for five years for research collaboration with emerging nations.
There is also £10m for a "Higgs Centre" to support high technology business start-ups.
And George Osborne said there would be £270m to develop a network of quantum technology centres, as well.
But critics point out that science funding has been eroded over the past three years and is not keeping pace with that of competitors.
Ahead of the Autumn Statement, Mr Osborne said: "Science is a personal priority of mine. This government will continue to prioritise the long-term investments that are needed to compete in the global race."
